The energy sector is embracing decentralized, sustainable models to enhance efficiency and address climate challenges. Blockchain, smart grids, and Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) are transforming energy management, enabling secure Peer-to-Peer (P2P) trading and optimizing Distributed Energy
Resources (DERs). This synergy fosters grid stability, local storage, and new business models, bridging gaps between producers and consumers. This paper explores key trends, challenges (scalability, interoperability, regulation, privacy), and solutions, providing insights for policymakers, developers, and energy stakeholders. By integrating blockchain with smart grids and VPPs, it outlines a roadmap for a secure, resilient, and consumer-driven energy future.
